Die Herzogin Von Devonshire Wahre Geschichte

English socialite, political organiser, style icon, and writer

Her Grace The Duchess of Devonshire
Portrait by Thomas Gainsborough (18th century)
Born	Georgiana Spencer (1757-06-07)seven June 1757 Althorp, Northamptonshire, England
Died	30 March 1806(1806-03-30) (aged 48) Devonshire House, Westminster, London, England
Cached	Derby Cathedral, Derbyshire
Noble family	Spencer (by birth) Cavendish (by marriage)
Spouse(s)	William Cavendish, 5th Knuckles of Devonshire ​ ​ (m. 1774)​
Issue	Georgiana Howard, Countess of Carlisle Harriet Leveson-Gower, Countess Granville William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire Eliza Courtney (illegitimate)
Male parent	John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer
Female parent	Margaret Georgiana Poyntz
Occupation	Socialite author activist

Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (née Spencer; jor-JAY-nə; 7 June 1757 – 30 March 1806), was an English socialite, political organiser, mode icon, author, and activist. Of noble nascence from the Spencer family unit, married into the Cavendish family, she was the beginning wife of William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire, and the mother of the 6th Duke of Devonshire.

As the Duchess of Devonshire, she garnered much attention and fame in society during her lifetime.^{[1] [two]} With a pre-eminent position in the peerage of England, the Duchess was famous for her charisma, political influence, beauty, unusual marital arrangement, dearest diplomacy, socializing, and gambling.

She was the great-great-great-smashing aunt of Diana, Princess of Wales. Their lives, centuries autonomously, accept been compared in tragedy.^[3] She is also a slap-up-cracking-great-aunt of Queen Elizabeth 2 by marriage through the queen's maternal grandmother.

Early life and family [edit]

A young Miss Georgiana Spencer with her mother, Margaret Georgiana Spencer. Painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds

The Duchess was born Miss Georgiana Spencer, on 7 June 1757,^[4] as the first kid of John Spencer (later Earl Spencer) and his wife, Georgiana (née Poyntz, later on Countess Spencer), at the Spencer family unit home, Althorp.^[3] Afterwards her daughter's birth, her female parent Lady Spencer wrote that "I volition ain I feel then partial to my Beloved footling Gee, that I think I never shall dear another and so well."^[5] Two younger siblings followed: Henrietta ("Harriet") and George. The daughter of her sis Henrietta, Lady Caroline Lamb, would get a author and lover of Lord Byron. John Spencer, a great-grandson of John Churchill, 1st Knuckles of Marlborough, came from a wealthy English noble family unit. He built a Spencer family residence at St. James's, London, and raised his children there. The parents raised Georgiana and her siblings in a happy wedlock, which bears no record of in that location ever having been any extramarital affairs – a rarity in the era.^[half-dozen] Meanwhile, Georgiana grew to be close to her mother, who was said to favour Georgiana over her other children.^[5]

When her father assumed the title of Viscount Spencer in 1761, she became The Honourable Georgiana Spencer. In 1765, her father became Earl Spencer, and she Lady Georgiana Spencer.

Matrimony and children [edit]

On her seventeenth birthday, 7 June 1774, Lady Georgiana Spencer was married to order's most eligible bachelor, William Cavendish, the fifth Duke of Devonshire (aged 25). The wedding took place at Wimbledon Parish Church.^[4] It was a small ceremony attended only by her parents, her paternal grandmother Lady Cowper, one of her prospective brothers-in-law, and her soonhoped-for sister-in-law, the Duchess of Portland. Her parents were emotionally reluctant to allow their daughter become, but she was wed to one of the wealthiest and well-nigh powerful men in the state. Her father, who had always shown affection to his children, wrote to her, "My Dearest Georgiana, I did not know till lately how much I loved you; I miss you more every 24-hour interval and every 60 minutes". Mother and daughter continued to correspond throughout their lives, and many of their letters survive.^[6]

From the start of the wedlock, the Duke of Devonshire, who was chosen "the Duke" by his family and friends, proved to be an emotionally reserved man who did not meet Georgiana's emotional needs. The spouses too had little in common.^[three] He would seldom be at her side and would spend nights at Brooks'south playing cards.^[6] The Knuckles continued with adulterous behaviour throughout their married life, and discord followed pregnancies that ended in miscarriage or failure to produce a male heir.

Before their matrimony, the Duke had fathered an illegitimate daughter, Charlotte Williams, born from a dalliance with a quondam milliner, Charlotte Spencer (of no relation to the House of Spencer).^[six] This was unknown to the Duchess until years later her spousal relationship to the Duke. After the death of the child's mother, the Duchess was compelled to raise Charlotte herself.^[iii] Georgiana was "very pleased" with Charlotte, although her own mother Lady Spencer expressed disapproval: "I hope you have not talk'd of her to people". The besotted Georgiana replied, "She is the best humoured little thing y'all e'er saw".^[6]

In 1782, while on a retreat from London with the Duke, Georgiana met Lady Elizabeth Foster (widely known every bit "Bess") in the City of Bath. She became close friends with Bess, who had become destitute after separating from her husband and two sons. Given the bond that developed between the two women (and the difficult position her new friend was in), with the Duke's acquiescence Georgiana agreed to have Lady Elizabeth live with them. When the Knuckles began a sexual human relationship with Lady Elizabeth, a ménage à trois^[3] was established, and it was arranged that Lady Elizabeth live with them permanently. While it was mutual for male members of the upper class to take mistresses, it was not common or generally acceptable for a mistress to alive so openly with a married couple. Furthermore, Georgiana had been desperately alone since her marriage to the Duke, and finally having found what she believed to be the platonic friend, she became emotionally codependent on Lady Elizabeth. Having no alternative, the Duchess became complicit in her best friend'southward matter with her husband the Duke. The arrangement among the three is more commonly referred to as a ménage à trois only, while the relationship between the Knuckles and Lady Elizabeth was plain sexual, there is no concrete evidence of annihilation across emotional dependence and a detail and open amore on the role of Georgiana. In i of her letters, Georgiana wrote to Bess, "My dear Bess, Do you hear the vocalization of my centre crying to y'all? Do you feel what information technology is for me to be separated from you?" However, Bess herself envied her and wished for her position. Withal, despite her envy Bess did indeed love Georgiana; at her death years later, a locket of Georgiana'due south pilus was found around Elizabeth's neck, likewise as a bracelet also containing hair of Georgiana on a table abreast her deathbed.^[6] Lady Elizabeth insinuated her way into the marriage by taking reward of the Duchess's friendship and codependency on her, and "engineered her mode" into a sexual relationship with the Knuckles.^[3] Lady Elizabeth engaged in well documented sexual relations with other men while she was in the "love triangle" with the Duke and Duchess.^[6] Among their contemporaries, the relationship between the Duchess of Devonshire and Lady Elizabeth Foster was the subject of speculation which has continued across their time. The dear triangle itself was a notorious topic; it was an irregular arrangement in a high-profile union. Lady Elizabeth'south affair with the Knuckles resulted in 2 illegitimate children: a daughter, Caroline Rosalie St Jules, and a son, Augustus Clifford.

Despite her unhappiness with her detached and philandering married man and volatile marriage, Georgiana, as contemporary norms dictated, was not socially permitted to take a lover without producing an heir. The beginning successful pregnancy resulted in the birth of Lady Georgiana Dorothy Cavendish on 12 July 1783. Called "Piffling G," she would go the Countess of Carlisle and accept her own issue. Georgiana developed a strong mothering sentiment since raising Charlotte, and she insisted on nursing her own children (contrary to the aristocratic custom of having a wet nurse).^[6] On 29 August 1785, a second successful pregnancy resulted in another daughter: Lady Harriet Elizabeth Cavendish, chosen "Harryo," who would get Countess Granville and likewise accept children of her own. Finally, on 21 May 1790, the Duchess gave birth to a male heir to the dukedom: William George Spencer Cavendish, who took the title of Marquess of Hartington at birth, and was called "Hart." He would never marry and became known as "the bachelor duke." With the nascence of the Marquess of Hartington, Georgiana was able to take a lover. While there is no prove of when Georgiana began her affair with Charles Grey (subsequently Earl Greyness), she did become pregnant by him in 1791. Sent off to France, Georgiana believed she would die in childbirth. Despondent, she wrote a letter to her recently born son stating, "As soon as you are old plenty to understand this letter, it volition be given to you. It contains the just present I can brand y'all—my blessing, written in my claret...Alas, I am gone before you lot could know me, but I lov'd yous, I nurs'd yous nine months at my chest. I love you dearly." On xx Feb 1792, Eliza Courtney was built-in without complications to mother and child. Georgiana's heart was cleaved yet again when she was forced to give abroad her illegitimate daughter Eliza to Grey's family unit.^{[3] [half-dozen]} Georgiana would later exist allowed to pay visits to her daughter, providing her with presents and affection,^[6] and Eliza would grow upward to marry Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Ellice and carry a daughter named Georgiana.^{[ citation needed ]}

While in exile in France in the early on 1790s, Georgiana suffered from isolation and felt her separation from her children. To her eldest, she wrote, "Your letter dated the 1st of Nov was delightful to me tho' it fabricated me very melancholy my Beloved Kid. This twelvemonth has been the near painful of my life. . . when I do return to y'all, never leave you lot I hope once again—it volition be likewise great a happiness for me Dear Georgiana & it will have been purchased by many days of regret – indeed ev'ry hour I laissez passer abroad from you, I regret you lot; if I charm myself or run across anything I adore I long to share the happiness with you – if on the contrary, I am out of spirits I wish for your presence which alone would do me good". To render to England and her children, she conceded to her husband's demands and renounced her love for Charles Grey. Records of her exile in France were after erased from the family records. Nonetheless, the children of the Knuckles and Duchess had at one point been informed as to the reason of her absenteeism during that period of their lives.^[6]

While the Duchess of Devonshire coped with the marital arrangements on the surface throughout her wedlock, she however suffered emotional and psychological distress. She sought farther personal consolation from a "dissipated existence"^[seven] in passions (socialising, fashion, politics, writing), addictions (gambling, drinking, and drugs), and affairs (with several men, not just Grey, possibly including the bachelor John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset).^[6]

Graphic symbol [edit]

Georgiana was charismatic, generous, good-humored, and intelligent. Kindhearted, Georgiana instinctively wanted to help others and from a immature age, happily gave her money to poor children ^[8] or her desperate friends. Lady Charlotte Bury wrote of Georgiana'southward generosity: "when some individual came to her in pecuniary distress, she would always save him or her, and exit her own difficulties unprovided for. Often she was incorrect in doing so. ... One must be just before one is generous. But it is impossible not to exist charmed by the kindly impulse which made her, without a moment'south hesitating, shield another from distress."^[9] Georgiana'due south empathy extended towards animals likewise. After noticing a starving moo-cow in a field, Georgiana deduced its owner could non afford to feed it, and so she had the man found and gave him some money.^[10]

Despite being extremely cocky-conscious and making strenuous effort to announced perfect, Georgiana "always appeared natural, even when she was called upon to open up a ball in forepart of 800 people. She could engage in friendly chatter with several people simultaneously" and nonetheless made each person experience special.^[11] Widely described as nearly impossible to dislike, Georgiana captured the hearts of almost everyone she met. The artist Mrs Delaney, Mary Delany echoed many who recorded their experiences meeting Georgiana: "[She was] so amusing, then obliging in her style, that I am quite in beloved with her. I can't tell you the civil things she said, and really they deserve a better proper noun, which is kindness embellished by politeness. I hope she will illumine and reform her contemporaries!"^[12] Even the prudish Frances Burney was begrudgingly won over past Georgiana's unassuming grace.^[13] Georgiana was not a snob, and lacked the cavalier airs of the aristocracy; she fabricated people of all classes experience valued and at ease in her company. An example of her lack of airs was when Georgiana pointedly danced with French actor Monsieur Tessier after the Duchess of Manchester Elizabeth Montagu, Duchess of Manchester snobbishly refused to speak to him because he earned a living.^[14]

From childhood, Georgiana showed a characteristic need to please others and a need for attending. Her mother Lady Spencer, Georgiana Spencer, Countess Spencer raised her to behave as if she were a courtier always on show, and this training just augmented her people pleasing tendencies. Lady Spencer knew she was partly responsible for her daughter's faults, and worried for her daughter's future.^[15] Her natural temperament combined with her convenance fabricated Georgiana go an excitable, impressionable young woman vulnerable to peer pressure. Indeed, Georgiana did the opposite of what Mary Delany hoped and was instead corrupted past her contemporaries. Her inability to say no to her degenerate friends in the ton led Georgiana into many scrapes confronting her better sentence and made her feel shame over her behavior.^[16]

Pursuits and fame [edit]

With her renowned unconventional beauty and kind character, alongside her marriage to the affluent and powerful Duke of Devonshire, the Duchess of Devonshire enjoyed preeminence in society. She was a high emblem of the era.^[six] Georgiana was arguably the Diana, Princess of Wales of her time, as her popularity with the press and public can exist compared to what her descendant experienced more two hundred years later. Like Diana, every move Georgiana fabricated was watched by spies around her and then reported on by the press, her every mistake made mockery of the next day in the papers. On a personal note, Georgiana and Diana had in common a famously unhappy marriage, a binging eating disorder,^[17] a passionate personality, and a common love for their children.^[18]

Like her dear friend Marie Antoinette, the Duchess of Devonshire was ane of the fashion icons of her fourth dimension, and her elegantly flashy style made her the leader of fashion in England. Every outfit Georgiana wore, including her hairstyle, was immediately copied past the masses. The fashionable styling of her hair solitary reached literally boggling heights higher up her exuberant outfits.^[half-dozen]

Using her influence as a leading socialite and fashion icon, the Duchess of Devonshire contributed to politics, science, and literature. As part of her illustrious social engagements, the Duchess would gather effectually her a big salon of literary and political figures. Among her major acquaintances were the about influential figures of her time, including the Prince of Wales (later King George IV); Marie Antoinette of France and her favourite in court, the Duchess of Polignac; Charles Grey (afterwards Earl Grey and British Prime Minister); and Lady Melbourne (lover of the Prince of Wales).^[19] Newspapers chronicled her every appearance and activity.^[half-dozen]

She was called a "miracle"^[seven] by Horace Walpole who proclaimed, "[she] effaces all without being a beauty; but her youthful figure, flowing expert nature, sense and lively modesty, and modest familiarity brand her a miracle".^[twenty] Madame d'Arblay, who had a preference for acquaintances of talent, found that her appeal was not by and large for her dazzler simply for far more which included fine "mode, politeness, and gentle tranquillity."^[xx] Sir Nathaniel Wraxall stated that her success as an private lay "in the amenity and graces of her actions, in her irresistible manners, and the seduction of her society."^[twenty]

Famously, when the Duchess was stepping out of her carriage one day, an Irish dustman exclaimed: "Dear and bless you, my lady, let me calorie-free my pipe in your eyes!" Thereafter, whenever others would compliment her, the Duchess would retort, "Subsequently the dustman's compliment, all others are insipid."^{[21] [22]}

Politics [edit]

The Spencer family, from which the Duchess derived, was an ardent supporter of the Whig political party as were she and the Cavendish family. Yet, because the Duke's high position in the peerage disallowed him from participating so ordinarily in politics, Georgiana took it as a positive outlet for herself. In an age when the realisation of women's rights and suffrage were still more than than a century away, Georgiana became a political activist as the first woman to make active and influential forepart line appearances on the political scene.^[three] Having begun her involvement in politics in 1778^[vii] (when she inspired a mass of women to promote the Whig party), she relished enlightenment^[23] and Whig party ideals and took it upon herself to campaign—especially for a distant cousin, Charles James Fox, who was chief party leader alongside Richard Brinsley Sheridan—for Whig policies which were anti-monarchy and advocated for freedom against tyranny.^[6]

At the fourth dimension of her involvement, Male monarch George III (who detested the Whigs) and his ministers had a direct influence over the Firm of Commons, principally through their power of patronage. The Prince of Wales, who always relished going against the grain with his father, joined the Whig party when his friend, the Duchess, became involved. She was renowned for hosting dinners that became political meetings, and she took joy in cultivating the company of brilliant radicals.^[6]

"THE DEVONSHIRE, or Most Approved Method of Securing Votes," past Thomas Rowlandson, 1784

During the general ballot of 1784, Georgiana became a major discipline of scrutiny. Fanciful rumours and political cartoons circulated during the entrada, ridiculing her for securing votes in exchange for sexual—and budgetary—rewards.^{[half-dozen] [7] [20]} Thomas Rowlandson even satirised her with a rumour of her trading kisses in his print "THE DEVONSHIRE, or Almost Approved Method of Securing Votes". Her mother pleaded with her to step downwards. Still, Georgiana was not daunted and was adamant in her activism.^{[3] [20]} On election day, the Duchess of Devonshire walked the streets of London, even gaining blisters on her anxiety, meeting face-to-confront with commoners as equals.^[6] She was instrumental in the success of Fox and Lord Hood. Regardless, after the extensive campaigning and negative media onslaught against her, she retired after the win from the political arena for a while.^{[6] [7]} In 1788, she returned to political activism, however, behind the scenes.^[seven]

Even in the final years of her life, she pushed ahead in the field and attempted to help rebuild the Whig party, which had become fragmented; her efforts were to no avail, and the political party would somewhen come up to dissolve decades after her death.^[7]

Literature [edit]

In her life, the Duchess was an avid writer and equanimous several works, of both prose and poetry, of which some were published.

She composed poetry as a young girl to her father, and some of it afterward circulated in manuscript. It was read by Walpole (who said it was "easy and prettily expressed, though information technology does not limited much") and Reverend William Mason (who was more than favorable with higher opinions).^[twenty]

The start of her published literary works was Emma; Or, The Unfortunate Attachment: A Sentimental Novel in 1773.

In 1778, Georgiana released epistolary novel The Sylph. Published anonymously, it had autobiographical elements, centering on a fictional aristocratic bride who had been corrupted, and as "a novel-cum-exposé of [the duchess'due south] aristocratic cohorts, depicted every bit libertines, blackmailers, and alcoholics."^[7] It has been speculated that The Sylph may have instead been written by Sophia Briscoe, and a receipt at the British Library suggests that Briscoe was paid for the published work. However, information technology is idea more likely that Briscoe may have served as an intermediary betwixt the Duchess of Devonshire and her publisher and so that the duchess could keep her anonymity.^[24] Georgiana is said to take at least privately admitted to her authorship. The Sylph was a success and underwent four reprintings.^[6]

Memorandums of the Face up of the State in Switzerland (1799) is frequently wrongly attributed to Georgiana. It was in fact written past Rowley Lascelles, based on a Swiss tour in 1794.^[25]

I more than piece was published in the final years of Georgiana's life, The Passage of the Mountain of Saint Gothard, first in an unauthorised version in the 'Morning Relate' and 'Forenoon Post' of 20 and 21 December 1799, and then in a privately printed edition in 1800. A verse form dedicated to her children, The Passage of the Mount of Saint Gothard was based on her passage of the Saint Gotthard Pass, with Bess, between 10 and 15 August 1793 on returning to England. The thirty-stanza poem, together with 28 extended notes, were furthermore translated into some of the main languages of Western Europe including into French, by Jacques Delille, in 1802; Italian, past Gaetano Polidori, in 1803; and German in 1805. The Passage of the Mount of Saint Gothard was then reprinted in 1816, after Georgiana's expiry.^[20] Samuel Taylor Coleridge published a glowing response to the poem, 'Ode to Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire' in the 'Morning Mail service' on 24 December 1799.

The fifth Duchess of Devonshire was connected to some of the greatest men of letters of her time, and Samuel Johnson, a famed writer of the era, had even paid a visit to the Knuckles and Duchess, in 1784, at their Chatsworth home.^[20]

Science [edit]

The Duchess had a small laboratory where she conducted chemical science experiments and studied geology, natural history and was virtually passionate for mineralogy.^{[6] [26] [27]} In addition to her scientific curiosity, Georgiana wanted to contribute to her children's didactics.^[27]

Her interest in science arose in office as she was related through marriage to the pneumatic chemist Henry Cavendish whose lab she visited in Clapham.^[26] The Duchess frequently engaged in scientific dialogue with prominent scientists of the era including Sir Charles Blagden, Professor Henri Struve, Horace Bénédict de Saussure, Sir Joseph Banks, Sir William Hamilton, Professor Gian Vincenzo Petrini, White Watson, Bryan Higgins, and Benjamin Thompson. Her knowledge of chemistry and mineralogy was regarded as genius as Thomas Beddoes wrote to Erasmus Darwin noting Georgiana, "manifested a noesis of modern chemistry superior to that he should have supposed any duchess or lady in England was possessed of". Petrini, Blagden, and Henry Cavendish likewise contacted her mother Countess Spencer remarking upon the Duchess'due south bent, degree of knowledge she acquired, and extraordinary observations in the field of mineralogy. In pursuit of her interest, she hiked to the summit of Mountain Vesuvius to observe and study the active crater and later began the Devonshire Mineral Drove at Chatsworth (the main seat of the dukes of Devonshire).^[27]

The Duchess played a key role in formulating, with Thomas Beddoes, the idea of establishing the Pneumatic Institution in Bristol.^[26] Her efforts to plant the Pneumatic Institute which advanced the study of factitious airs is an important outcome that provided framework for modern anesthesia every bit well every bit mod biomedical research in gasotransmitters.

Gambling [edit]

Every bit was common amid the elite of her time, Georgiana routinely gambled for leisure and amusement. Her gaming spiraled into a ruinous addiction, however, fabricated worse past her emotional instability.

In the first years of her marriage, she accumulated debts that surpassed the 4,000 pounds that the Duke provided her annually as pin money. Her own mother disapproved and admonished her, unsuccessfully, to interruption her habit. After she had showtime incurred over 3,000 pounds in debt, Georgiana implored her parents to give her a loan every bit she absolutely would not inform her married man of her debts. Her parents acquiesced and told her to inform the Duke, who nevertheless found out beforehand and repaid them.^[6]

For the residue of her life, Georgiana continued to aggregate an immense, ever-escalating debt that she always tried to go along hidden from her husband (fifty-fifty though he was among the richest men in the state). While she would acknowledge to some amount, information technology was always less than the full, which even she could not proceed up with. In conviction, she would ask for loans from the Prince of Wales. At i point, to endeavor to settle some of her debts, she did not shrink from pressing her friend, the affluent banker Thomas Coutts for funds.^[vi]

Later on life and death [edit]

Her absence from English language society and exile in France had isolated Georgiana and was a low point for her in every respect; she returned to England, a "inverse woman". The Duke began suffering from gout, and she spent her time at his side nursing him. With also a new miscarriage, this circumstance with her hubby brought about a softening and closeness between the spouses. She took a positive interest in science, took up writing again (producing two more works), and even connected her political activism while trying to rebuild the Whig political party (to no avail earlier its cease).^{[vi] [seven]} Georgiana also came to meet and become friends with the wife of her onetime lover, Charles Grey.^[half-dozen]

In 1796, Georgiana succumbed to disease in ane eye; the medical treatment resulted in a scarring of her face up. Nonetheless, "Those scars released her from her fears. All the inhibitions about whether she was beautiful plenty or whether she was up to the job left her". In her late thirties, Georgiana was able to regain pre-eminence and enjoyment in open society,^[3] although her personal life would continue to be marred by degrees of unhappiness, debt, and decline in health.^[7]

During her early forties, the Duchess of Devonshire devoted her time to the coming out of her eldest daughter, Lady Georgiana Dorothy Cavendish. The debutante was presented in 1800, and the Duchess saw her daughter wed Lord Morpeth, the heir apparent of the Earl of Carlisle, in 1801; information technology was the offset and only time the Duchess of Devonshire saw one of her result marry.^[6]

Georgiana's health connected to reject well into her forties, and her gambling addiction connected. She once reached out to her mother, begging for a sum of 100 pounds and complaining to her of jaundice. While her mother at starting time believed her daughter was just ill from her gambling, Countess Spencer, as well as those around Georgiana, soon came to realise she was truly sick. She was thought to be suffering from an abscess on her liver.^{[half dozen]}

Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, died on xxx March 1806, at 3:30, at the historic period of 48. She was surrounded by her husband, the 5th Duke of Devonshire; her female parent, Countess Spencer; her sis, the Countess of Bessborough; her eldest daughter, Lady Morpeth (who was eight months pregnant); and Lady Elizabeth Foster. They were all said to have been comfortless over her death. For the get-go time, the Knuckles showed moving emotion towards his belatedly wife, equally a contemporary wrote, "The Knuckles has been most securely affected and has shown more feeling than anyone thought possible—indeed every individual in the family unit are in a dreadful country of affliction." Georgiana'southward eldest girl furthermore poured out her feelings, "Oh my beloved, my adored departed mother, are you indeed forever parted from me—Shall I see no more than that celestial countenance or that blessed voice—You whom I loved with such tenderness, y'all who were the . . . best of mothers, Farewell—I wanted to strew violets over her dying bed equally she strewed sweets over my life, but they would not let me." Her afar cousin, Charles James Fox, for whom she had triumphantly campaigned, was noted to have cried. The Prince of Wales himself lamented, "The best natured and the best-bred woman in England is gone." Thousands of the people of London congregated at Piccadilly, where the Cavendish family unit'due south town house was located, to mourn her.^[6] She was cached at the family vault^[xx] at All Saints Parish Church (at present Derby Cathedral) in Derby.

Legacy [edit]

The legacy of the life of Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire has remained a topic of study and intrigue in cultural and historical spheres centuries after her death.

Immediately after her decease, the Duke of Devonshire discovered the extent of her debts. He presently enough married Lady Elizabeth Foster, who became Duchess of Devonshire as his 2d wife.

Georgiana's children were discontented with the marriage as they never liked Lady Elizabeth at all (something which caused dismay with their female parent when she was alive). When William Cavendish, 5th Knuckles of Devonshire, died on 29 July 1811, the Marquess of Hartington became sixth Duke of Devonshire. He sought to liquidate his tardily female parent's entire debts. Meanwhile, Lady Elizabeth fought to go along Cavendish properties to which she wasn't entitled; furthermore, the sixth Knuckles denied her demand that her illegitimate son with the 5th Duke of Devonshire, Clifford, conduct the Cavendish crest. Infuriated, Lady Elizabeth brought back up her matter with the 5th Duke of Devonshire past publicly announcing he had sired her illegitimate children. The sixth Duke of Devonshire finally oversaw an end to information technology all—the mistake of his late mother of bringing in Lady Elizabeth into her life and all the ensuing consequences—with the final dismissal of Lady Elizabeth by paying her off. Nevertheless, Georgiana's children lived the remainder of their lives with mutually positive relations with Lady Elizabeth Foster's children, having grown up together.^[vi]

In 1786, Susanna Rowson, who went on to go a bestselling writer, dedicated her start published piece of work, Victoria, to the Duchess of Devonshire.

With the topic of liberation at the eye of policies she supported in life, the bold interest of the Duchess of Devonshire in political activism pioneered women's public frontstage and influential participation in the field in a time earlier the validation of women's rights and subsequent feminist ideals.

Artwork representing the Duchess of Devonshire past reputable painters of the Georgian era remain, including a 1787 portrait by the famed Thomas Gainsborough which was in one case thought lost.

Over 1,000 personal messages written by the Duchess of Devonshire remain in existence. Chatsworth, the duke of Devonshire's seat, houses a bulk of her letters in historical archives.^[6]

In modern times, her life's circumstances are seen every bit an example of female oppression by historical, cultural and legal constructs favoring male interests while denying rights to the female person political party in a human relationship. They take become the subject of scholarly and dramatised works.^{[3] [23]}

Picture portrayals [edit]

• The Divine Lady (1929), portrayed by Evelyn Hall
• Berkeley Square (1933), portrayed past Juliette Compton
• The Business firm in the Foursquare (as well titled I'll Never Forget You lot (Us) and Man of Two Worlds) (1951), portrayed by Kathleen Byron
• The Duchess (2008), portrayed by Keira Knightley and directed by Saul Dibb, based on the biography Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire by Amanda Foreman

Opera pasticcio [edit]

• ''Georgiana'' (2019), was deputed by the Buxton Festival for its 40th ceremony, and was premièred there on 7 July 2019.

Works past Georgiana Cavendish [edit]

• Emma; Or, The Unfortunate Attachment: A Sentimental Novel (1773, OCLC 940865941)
• The Sylph (1778)
• The Passage of the Mountain of Saint Gothard (1799)

Gallery [edit]

References [edit]

1. ^ Foreman, Amanda (2001). Georgiana: Duchess of Devonshire. Modern Library. ISBN0375753834 . Retrieved 25 June 2014. ^{[ page needed ]}
2. ^ Blasberg, Derek (2011). Very Classy: Fifty-fifty More Infrequent Advice for the Extremely Modernistic Lady. Penguin. ISBN978-1101563069 . Retrieved 26 June 2014. ^{[ folio needed ]}
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j m} Hastings, Chris. "Princess Diana and the Duchess of Devonshire: Striking similarities". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
4. ^ ^{a b} Foreman 2004.
5. ^ ^{a b} Foreman 1998, p. 4.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l thousand n o p q r s t u v west ten y z aa ab ac advertisement ae} Bolen, Cheryl. "Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire". Cheryl Bolen, writer . Retrieved xiii June 2016. ^{[ unreliable source? ]}
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} "Georgiana Cavendish". Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved thirteen June 2016.
8. ^ Althorp House MSS: diary of Mrs. Poyntz, July 26, 1764
9. ^ A. Francis Steuart, ed., The Diary of a Lady-in-Waiting (London 1908), 2, p. 35
10. ^ The Duchess of Devonshire's Cow; a poem (London 1777)
11. ^ The Duchess by Amanda Foreman, page 34
12. ^ Lady Hanover, ed., The Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs Delany (London 1861-2), Two, p.98
13. ^ Fanny Burney by Claire Harman, page 233
14. ^ The Duchess past Amanda Foreman, page 44
15. ^ The Duchess by Amanda Foreman, page 13
16. ^ The Duchess by Amanda Foreman, page 103
17. ^ The Duchess by Amanda Foreman, page fifty
18. ^ Carlisle MSS J18/20/96: Lady Georgiana Morpeth, circa 1806
19. ^ Foreman 1998, pp. 40, 313.
20. ^ ^{a b c d e f thou h i} Bloy, Majorie. "Georgiana Cavendish". A Web of English History . Retrieved 13 June 2016.
21. ^ "Dazzler — A natural compliment", The Every-day Book and Tabular array Book. Vol III., ed. William Hone (London: 1838), p. 344. Retrieved on 11 June 2008.
22. ^ "The Disappearing Duchess", The New York Times, 31 July 1994. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
23. ^ ^{a b} Taylor, Ella (25 September 2008). "Lady Georgiana Spencer, cheated in life and in casting, in The Duchess". Westword . Retrieved xiii June 2016.
24. ^ Cavendish 2007, p. xi.
25. ^ De Beer, Gavin (1948). "Rowley Lascelles". Notes & Queries. 193 (five): 97–99. doi:10.1093/nq/193.5.97a.
26. ^ ^{a b c} Bergman, Norman A (1998). "Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, and Princess Diana: a parallel". Journal of the Purple Society of Medicine. 91 (4): 217–219. doi:10.1177/014107689809100414. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC1296647. PMID 9659313.
27. ^ ^{a b c} Cooper, Michael P. (2005). "The Devonshire Mineral Collection of Chatworth House: An 18th Century Survivor and Its Restoration". Mineralogical Record. v36:3: 239–272. ProQuest 211718664 – via ProQuest.

Works cited [edit]

• Cavendish, Georgiana (2007). Gross, Jonathan (ed.). The Sylph. Northwestern Academy Press. ISBN978-0-8101-2229-1.
• Foreman, Amanda (1998). Georgiana: Duchess of Devonshire. Random House. ISBN0375502947.
• Foreman, Amanda (2004). "Cavendish, Georgiana, duchess of Devonshire (1757–1806)". Oxford Lexicon of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:x.1093/ref:odnb/4934. (Subscription or Britain public library membership required.)
• Gleeson, Janet (2008). Privilege and Scandal: The Remarkable Life of Harriet Spencer, Sister of Georgiana. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN9780307381989.

Farther reading [edit]

• Lewis, Judith S. Sacred to Female Patriotism: Gender, Form, and Politics in Belatedly Georgian Britain. New York: Routledge, 2003.
• Macintyre, Ben. "The Disappearing Duchess." The New York Times. 31 July 1994.
• Rauser, Ameilia F. "The Butcher-Kissing Duchess of Devonshire: Betwixt Caricature and Allegory in 1784." Eighteenth-Century Studies, 36 no. 1 (Fall 2002): 23–46.
• Masters, Brian. Georgiana Duchess of Devonshire, 1981.
• Georgiana, The Earl of Bessborough (editor), John Murray, London, 1955.
• Some Former Time Beauties by Thomson Willing Featuring a dissimilar version of her movie likewise as written material on her reputation.
• The Two Duchesses.., Family Correspondence relating to.., Vere Foster (editor), Blackie & Son, London, Glasgow & Dublin, 1898.
• An Aristocratic Affair – The life of Georgiana's sister Harriet, Countess Bessborough, Janet Gleeson, 2006, ISBN 0-593-05487-iii
• Georgiana Duchess of Devonshire, The Sylph, ed. Jonathan David Gross (Chicago: Northwestern University Printing, 2007),

External links [edit]

• Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire at the Eighteenth-Century Verse Archive (ECPA)
• Works by Georgiana Cavendish at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire at Net Archive
• Works past Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiana_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire

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