What Size Font Should Footnotes Be In Chicago Style
Chicago Manner Footnotes | Citation Format and Examples
The notes and bibliography way is one of two citation options provided by the Chicago Manual of Style. Each time a source is quoted or paraphrased, a superscript number is placed in the text, which corresponds to a footnote or endnote containing details of the source.
Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes appear on a separate folio at the end of the text.
This is an example of a Chicago mode footnote commendation.1
1. Woolf, "Modern Fiction," 11.
Total notes and brusk notes
There are two types of footnote in Chicago manner: full notes and short notes.
Full notes contain the full publication details of the source. The first citation of each source should be a full note.
Full notation example
ane. Virginia Woolf, "Modern Fiction," in Selected Essays, ed. David Bradshaw (Oxford: Oxford University Printing, 2008), 11.
Brusk notes contain just the author's terminal name, the title (shortened if longer than four words), and the page number (if relevant). They are used for all subsequent citations of the same source.
Short note instance
2. Woolf, "Modern Fiction," 11.
The guidelines for employ of short and total notes can vary across unlike fields and institutions. Sometimes you might be required to use a full note for every citation, or to use a short note every time equally long as all sources announced in the bibliography. Bank check with your instructor if you're unsure.
Footnotes should be used whenever a source is quoted or paraphrased in the text. They announced at the lesser of the relevant page, corresponding to reference numbers in the text. Yous can hands insert footnotes in Microsoft Give-and-take.
The reference number appears in superscript at the end of the clause or sentence it refers to. It is placed after any punctuation except a nuance:
Johnson argues that "the data is unconvincing."1
Johnson argues that "the data is unconvincing"1—only Smith contends that…
Notes should be numbered consecutively, starting from 1, beyond the whole text. Your first commendation is marked with a i, your 2nd with a 2, so on. The numbering does not restart with a new page or department (although in a book-length text it may restart with each new chapter).
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Content of Chicago footnotes
The footnote contains the number of the citation followed past a period and and so the commendation itself. The citation always includes the author'due south name and the championship of the text, and it always ends with a period. Full notes also include all the relevant publication information (which varies by source type).
If you quote a source or refer to a specific passage, include a folio number or range. Yet, if the source doesn't accept page numbers, or if yous're referring to the text as a whole, yous can omit the page number.
In short notes, titles of more than four words are shortened. Shorten them in a fashion that retains the keyword(south) and then that the text is still easily recognizable for the reader:
1. Mary Shelley, Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus, ed. One thousand.K. Joseph (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 91.
2. Shelley, Frankenstein, 91.
Combining multiple citations
Do not place multiple footnotes at the same point in your text (eastward.chiliad. 1, two, iii). If you demand to cite multiple sources in one sentence, you can combine the citations into one footnote, separated by semicolons:
1. Hulme, "Romanticism and Classicism"; Eliot, The Waste matter Land; Woolf, "Modern Fiction," 11.
Sources with multiple authors
Footnotes for sources with two or three authors should include all the authors' names. When there are four or more authors, add together "et al." (Latin for "and others") later the first author'south name.
| Full note | Short annotation | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 writer | Virginia Woolf | Woolf |
| two authors | Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari | Deleuze and Guattari |
| 3 authors | Anne Armstrong, Marianne Krasny, and Jonathon Schuldt | Armstrong, Krasny, and Schuldt |
| iv+ authors | Anna Tsing et al. | Tsing et al. |
Missing information
You sometimes won't have all the information required for your citation. You might be missing page numbers, the author's proper name, or the publication date.
If i of your sources (e.m. a website) has no page numbers, but you still think it's of import to cite a specific part of the text, other locators like headings, capacity or paragraphs can be used. Abbreviate words like "paragraph" to "par." and "chapter" to "chap.", and put headings in quotation marks:
1. Johnson, "Literature Review," chap. 2.1.
2. Smith, "Thematic Analysis," under "Methodology."
If the source lacks a stated publication date, the abridgement "north.d." (no date) should replace the year in a full notation:
i. Smith, Data Analysis (New York: Norton, n.d.), 293.
If a text doesn't list its author's name, the organization that published it tin can exist treated as the author in your citation:
1. Scribbr, "Chicago Style Citation."
If you apply a website proper name as an writer, you may cease upwardly repeating the aforementioned information twice in ane citation. Omit the website name from its usual place if you've already listed it in place of the writer.
Short notes usually look similar regardless of source blazon – author, title, page number. However, the information included in full notes varies according to the source y'all're citing. Beneath are examples for several common source types, showing how the footnote should expect in Chicago format.
Chicago book citation
Italicize the book championship. If the book states an edition (other than the first), include this and abbreviate it (due east.g. 2d ed., rev. ed.). Add the URL if you consulted the book online instead of in a physical re-create.
This is the format of a total note,1 and this is the format of a curt notation.2
| ane. Writer first name last name, Book Championship, edition. (Identify of publication: Publisher, yr), folio number(due south), URL. |
| 2. Author last proper name, Shortened Book Title, page number(s). |
This is an example of a total notation,3 and this is an case of a short note.4
| 3. Stephen Covey, The vii Habits of Highly Effective People, 3rd ed. (New York: Free Press, 1989), 75–89. |
| 4. Covey, seven Habits, 75–7. |
Chicago volume chapter citation
Sometimes you lot'll cite from one chapter in a volume containing texts past multiple authors – for example, a compilation of essays. In this case, you'll desire to cite the relevant chapter rather than the whole volume.
The chapter championship should be enclosed in quotation marks, while the book title should be italicized. The short annotation only contains the chapter title.
The author is the one who wrote the specific chapter you're citing. The editor of the whole volume is listed toward the stop of the footnote (with the abbreviation "ed."), and left out of the short note.
This is the format of a full note,1 and this is the format of a brusk note.2
| i. Writer first proper noun terminal name, "Chapter Championship," in Volume Title, ed. Editor start name terminal name (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page number(s). |
| 2. Writer last proper name, "Shortened Chapter Title," page number(s). |
This is an instance of a total annotation,iii and this is an example of a short note.4
| 3. Bob Stewart, "Wag of the Tail: Reflecting on Pet Ownership," in Enriching Our Lives with Animals, ed. John Jaimeson (Toronto: Petlove Press, 2007), 87. |
| 4. Stewart, "Wag of the Tail," 88. |
Chicago journal article citation
The article title should be enclosed in quotation marks, while the journal proper name should be italicized. Volume and issue numbers identify which edition of the periodical the source appears in.
A DOI is a digital object identifier. This is generally more reliable than the URL when linking to online journal content.
This is the format of a total note,1 and this is the format of a short note.two
| one. Author first name terminal name, "Article Championship," Journal Name Volume, Consequence number (Year): page number(due south), DOI or URL. |
| 2. Writer last proper name, "Shortened Article Title," page number(s). |
This is an example of a full note,3 and this is an example of a short note.four
| 3. Hannes Datta, "The Challenge of Retaining Customers Acquired with Free Trials," Journal of Marketing Enquiry 52, no. ii (2015): 220, www.jstor.org/stable/43832354. |
| four. Datta, "Claiming of Retaining Customers," 220. |
Chicago website citation
The page title should be enclosed in quotation marks. Italicization is not used for website names.
If the publication engagement is unknown, you can instead listing the engagement when you lot accessed the page at the end of the commendation (e.k. accessed on September 10, 2019).
This is the format of a full note,1 and this is the format of a short note.two
| 1. Author first proper name last name, "Folio Championship," Website Title, publication engagement, URL. |
| 2. Writer concluding proper noun, "Shortened Folio Title." |
This is an example of a full note,3 and this is an example of a brusk note.4
| 3. Courtney Gahan, "How to Paraphrase Sources," Scribbr, April 18, 2018, https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/how-to-paraphrase/. |
| four. Gahan, "How to Paraphrase Sources." |
All of the higher up data likewise applies to endnotes. Endnotes are less usually used than footnotes, but they're a perfectly valid option.
Footnotes appear at the lesser of the page they refer to.
- Footnotes allow the reader to immediately check your citations every bit they read …
- … simply if yous have a lot of footnotes, they can be distracting and accept up space on the page.
Endnotes appear in their own department at the end of the text, before the bibliography.
- Endnotes take up less space in the body of your text and reduce distraction …
- … simply they are less accessible, as the reader has to flip to the cease to check each annotation.
Endnote citations look exactly the same every bit those in footnotes. Unless you've been told which 1 to use, choose whichever you prefer. Just use one or the other consistently.
- What is the difference between footnotes and endnotes?
-
Footnotes appear at the lesser of the relevant page.Endnotes appear in a listing at the finish of the text, just earlier the reference listing or bibliography. Don't mix footnotes and endnotes in the aforementioned document: choose 1 or the other and use them consistently.
In Chicago notes and bibliography style, you tin utilize either footnotes or endnotes, and citations follow the aforementioned format in either instance.
In APA and MLA style, footnotes or endnotes are not used for citations, but they can exist used to provide additional information.
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What Size Font Should Footnotes Be In Chicago Style,
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